13.1	Network protocols

A number of protocols play a role in data communication (X.25, Frame Relay, ATM and TCP/IP). The IP (Internet Protocol) switching layer is the Internet's key protocol and permits interoperability with other networks and protocols, for example, Ethernet, X.25, Frame Relay and ATM. IP is consequently often used as a synonym for the technology as a whole. The protocols TCP, UDP and RTP are used by the various applications and requirements in the Internet, such as "File Transfer (FTP)", "e-mail (SMTP)" and "WWW". RTP (Real Time Protocol) is used for voice transmission. The term "Voice over IP (VoIP)" indicates that the IP protocol is used to transport voice information.

There are nowadays various protocols that result from the efforts of diverse standardization bodies and standardization drives. The main standards are as follows:

•

H.323

•

H.450.x

•	SIP (Session Initiation Protocol, for Internet conferencing and telephony)

•	MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)

Whereas H.323 and H.450 are "real" ITU-T standards, SIP is an "industry (de facto) standard)" from the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). MGCP emerged from the SGCP (Simple Gateway Control Protocol) and the IPDC (Internet Protocol Device Control) and has been submitted as a proposal to the ITU-T and the IETF.

SIP is an easy-to-implement standard which was developed to control Internet multimedia conferences, particularly to support voice communication.

MGCP describes the connection setup and cleardown of intelligent telephones in networks with packet transmission.

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